Thursday, 9th June 2016

One more time Lucía is here to explain you what we have done today, so if today you have been sleeping or something, now you can revise!!
First of all, Paqui has said us that we have already finished the contents of the exam, that's, the Russian Revolutions and the USA, so we have started with Fascist Italy. 

Source: http://articulatingideas.blogspot.com.es/2015/06/what-is-fascism.html

After WW1, Italy wasn't satisfied with the territories they had received, so all the Irredentisti asked for more territories (mutilated victory).

Source: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irredentismo_italiano

At this time, Italy was a monarchy with Victor Emmanuel III as king, and some postwar problems took place, which were the reason for the beginning of some extremist ideologies during the Two Red Years. The extremists were supported by the bourgeoisie because they feared the revolution.

                 

Source: https://softmorningcity.wordpress.com/tag/dh-lawrence/ 

source: timerome.com

Now we are going to talk about another beautiful person: Mussolini. Mussolini was a former Socialist who had been expelled from the party foor supporting the participation of Italy in the WW1, so he created the Fasci Italini di Combattimento in 1919. It was an extreme right group who had a paramilitary group called thee Blackshirts because they used black shirts to be recognized. They used to use violence for everything, even to threat workers. But they could do this because they were supported by shock troops.

MUSSOLINI, source: wikipedia.org

BLACKSHIRTS, source: pinterest.com

They also had an emblem copied from the Roman Empire. It's the fasces. The name Fascist comes from here.

Source: commons.wikipedia.org

They later created a National Fascist Party (1921), characterized by rejecting every existing ideology. Proposals: antidemocratic, antiparliamentary, anti-communist ideology, defense of the private property, strong State, agressive foreign policy and the use of violence. They got the support of the petty bourgeoisie, big landowners and industrialists abd they were tolerated by the Church and the King, but as the majority of the voters were workers they didn't obtain good results in the elections.

After this, they prepared a demonstration of their force to the State (March on Rome). Fascists demanded power and threatened with using violence against the government. The king feared this and instead sending them to prison, he gave power to the Fascists, (Congrats, Victor, you're stupid).

Source: wikipedia.org

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Apart  from this, we have been talking about the insects plague we have in our houses right now. They go to the light, so close your windows!!!! Take also care if you go to Sout America because as you know, Zika is happening. It can cause microcephaly in babies.

Source: bbc.com

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NEW VOCABULARY:

Mutilated victory: Victoria mutilada.

Bitter: Amargo.

Unredeemed territories: Territorios irredentos.

The Two Red Years: Bienio rojo.

Corporal: Cabo.

Paramilitary: Paramilitar.

Blackshirts: Camisas negras.

Shock troops: Tropas de choque.

Emblem: Símbolo.

March on Rome: Marcha sobre Roma.

Demonstration: Manifestación. 

Cocky: Chulito, gallito.

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RECOMENDATION OF THE DAY: 

FILM: Novecento.

Source: www.filmaffinity.com

Tuesday, 5th April 2016.

First of all I've to say thank you to Irene because yesterday she saved my life. I'll love you from here to the moon forever. ♥♥

And now yes, we start with the real contents. Today we have continued learning things about the Age of Empires. As you know (or maybe not), yesterday Paqui gave us a scheme for homework and today we have corrected it. She has asked some people, for example, Antonio and Lidia.

Our sheme has three parts but today we have included one more, we'll see in a minute.
The first part is the causes of the Age of Empires. There are three, the economic reasons (search for cheaper raw materiales, workers, etc and sell manufactured products), the demographic reasons (emigration and encouraged by the goverments to reduce the excess of poupulation) and political reasons (control of strategic places and gain international prestige).

Well, the big countries had big ambitions and tried to conquer as many amount of countries as they could. And now we arrive to the second part of the scheme: justification. The Europeans had to justify themselves and their acts, so they said that they were good and charitable people. The said that they had the responsability of civilizing the least developed territories of the colonies (that's the white man's heavy burden) but this was a bad excuse based on racism.

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:The_white_mans_burden.gif

I think you should visit this webpage because there are a lot of pictures or drawings that can explain this much better, and they worth it: http://reverseracism.tumblr.com/post/123902807268/contra-puntal-take-up-the-white-mans-burden

The third part of the sheme is: Attitudes towards Colonialism but we haven't corrected it, so if you didn't do it yesterday, now you can because THIS IS THE HOMEWORK FOR THURSDAY.

And finally but not less important, we have talk about Social Darwinism (this is the part we have added). 

https://plus.google.com/106787507362117129968/posts

As you know, this theory is based on Darwinism, and evolutive theory formulated by Charles Darwin. Some people adapted this theory to the society, and "classified" everybody into "races". Of course, some races were better than other, and the best of them was the white people.

They classified the people depending on their skin's colour or their eye's size. 

https://mstartzman.pbworks.com/w/page/34920056/Social%20Darwinism%20(sixth)
/// https://economicstheorywiki.wikispaces.com/Social+Darwinism+(Herbert+Spencer,+Andrew+Carnegie)?responseToken=f091388166969b744e1dc31a771933ad

Social Darwinists also defended eugenics. This is similar to selective breeding, they tried to obtain pure individuals by eliminating those who weren't "normal". 

https://www.thinglink.com/scene/586598563924934658

So today we have discussed about this. Some people in the class think that races in the human being exist, while some others think that this is not true. Well, I respect the opinion of everybody but from my point of view I think that races don't exist. I repeat: RACES DON'T EXIST.  Everybody, either from Russia, Morocco, China or Argentina have the same DNA but as they live in different places their skin, eyes, hair and culture change. And this is completely normal. Diversity is the most beautiful thing we can find in our world so shut up racists, I am a person, I don't have any race.

DO YOU WANT MORE? :)

NEW VOCABULARY:

Eugenics: Eugenesia

Flaw: Defecto

Flawless: Sin defectos

White man's heavy burden: La pesada carga del hombre blanco.

Faithfully: Lucía♥

Thursday, 21st January 2016

Hello, it's Lucía again. Today it's my turn to do the journal, so let's try to do it well!

At the beginning of the class, we have revised the Congress of Vienna and its corresponding scheme we did on Tuesday. The main conclusions are:

– They restored absolutism after the exile of Napoleon to Elba.

– They reorganised de map of Europe. For example, the German Confederation was created, having 39 states, Poland and Finland became part of Russia and Norway, which added to Sweden

– They created the Holy Alliance.

Here you have the map that Paqui uses in class:

Source: zonu.com

Later, Paqui has started to explain the creation of two different alliances which had the purpose of defend. The first of them is The Holy Alliance, that I've named before. This alliance was formed by Russia, Austria and Prussia and it tried to preserve absolutism and religion and stop the revolutions in Europe.

But, as the United Kingdom didn't agree with their purposes, they created the Quadruple Alliance, formed by the members of the Holy Alliance plus the United Kingdom; Austria had under its power central Europe, Russia had Eastern Europe and the United Kingdom controlled the seas routes and some islands.

These men are the leaders of the Holy Alliance.
Source: russiannobility.org

Source: pinterest.com
This photo shows the similarities of the Congress of Vienna and the fall of Napoleon, because when he came back from Elba and the Hundred Days Empire started, the Congress was taking place.

But despite these alliances, they couldn't stop the revolutionary ideas so after the Congress two new ideologies spread out.
LIBERALISM:
It’s an ideology that defends that humans are born free and with some rights guaranteed by the State (Social Contract). They agreed with the division of power (but power belonged to the citizens, who chose their representatives). The State couldn't intervene in economy.
The main trends in this ideology were:
– CLASSICAL LIBERALISM: only those who had a good level of wealth or owned properties couldvote (Census Suffrage)
– DEMOCRATIC LIBERALISM: everybody was equal before the law and could vote. (Universal Suffrage).

           

              

Sources: redstateeclectic.typepad.com & www.dailystormer.com

NATIONALISM:
It defended the right of the nations to decide by themselves and form independent States.
The main two conceptions of nation:
                – CONSERVATIVE OR EXCLUDING: they accepted only those who share some common features, like for example language or the "race". (The concept of race in humans doesn't exist, remember this and spread it, please, you're helping to create a better world ♥♥).
                – PROGRESSIVE OR INCLUSIVE: they accepted all those who want to belong to the nation, if they accepted its laws.
Unfortunately, the predominant one was (and is) the excluding or conservative.

Source: www.amherstschools.org

In the 19th century, several peoples submitted to the big Empires (Russian, Austrian and Ottoman) tried to form independent States based on the conservative or excluding model.
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NEW VOCABULARY HERE!
Attend: asistir.
Cape Colony: Colonia del Cabo.
Ceylon: Ceilán.
Quadruple Alliance: Cuádruple Alianza.
Balance of Powers: equilibrio de poderes.
Threaten: amenaza.
Turncoat: chaquetero.
Snatch: arrebatar, quitar violentamente.
Trend: tendencia.
Wealth: riqueza.
Classical Liberalism: Liberalismo clásico.
Democratic Liberalism: Liberalismo radical o democrático.
Self-determination: autodeterminación.
Adress to the German Nation: Discursos de la nación alemana.

AND THAT'S ALL FOLKS! ♥

Tuesday, 3rd November 2015

Hi, what's up? It's Lucía. Today it's my turn to do the journal. So, let's review the lesson :)
At the beginning of the class, we've reviewed what we did on Monday.
 That's Enlightenment and his features, in 18th century (century of lights):

–They used the Reason to learn and understand the world and improve it. Philosophers said that they wanted to "Eliminate the darkness of the world with the lights of reason". So they rejected all that couldn't been explained (superstitions, traditions, revelations, miracles...)
– They were tolerant of religions. No religion was superior to another. But they thought that religions gave more problems than positive things.– They rejected the authority principle, this means not to do things that always have been done only because it was traditional or someone ordered it.– They considered education the most important thing.– They criticized absolute monarchies and defended freedom of all the human beings.– They considered knowledge as the basis of happiness and they were very optimistic.
 

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salon_de_Madame_Geoffrin.jpg#/media/File:Salon_de_Madame_Geoffrin.jpg

KANT.
Source:

www.libropatas.com

After that, the class has started straying. We have started to speak about Spain and the similarities between the present/current world and the Enlightenment. We think that education should be free or cheaper, like in France or Denmark, and make the economy a little easier. You can change a kilo of potatoes for a kilo of tomatoes, or maybe another person can repair your piping. in exchange forpainting his house. I don't know, we can do many things better but no one tries to do it. Maybe the way is to pay more taxes (but not stupid taxes), like Paqui hassaid hahaha.

Source: www.quotationof.com

And at the end, Paqui has started explaining the Encyclopedia.Before Enlightenment, books which contradicted Dogma were forbidden because the Church thought they were dangerous. Knowledge "was dangerous". But in 18th century, Denis Diderot and Jean Rond D'Alembert issued the first Encyclopedia in France in 1751 with 35 volumes, asking philosophers and scientists for advice.

Source: www.pinterest.com

NEW VOCABULARY:

ACQUIRE: Adquirir.

AUTHORITY PRINCIPLE: Principio de autoridad.

BIASED: Tendencioso.

GRANT: Beca.

IN INSTALMENTS: A plazos.

PURSUE: Consecución, alcanzar un objetivo.

PRECAUTION: Precaución.

TRUST: Confiar.

TAX FRAUD: Fraude fiscal.

TIME BANK: Banco de tiempo.

WILLING TO: Dispuesto a.


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And here you have a very beautiful picture that I've found looking for images of Enlightenment!

Source: http://www.ishafoundation.org/blog/sadhguru/masters-words/sadhguru-enlightenment-experience/

This day in history: Charles I's coronation and the end of the Revolt of the Comuneros

Hey friends! It's Lucía. Today is my turn to explain what happened years and years ago. Yes! This is a new chapter of... THIS DAY IN HISTORY! And as you have seen in the title, today we have double event.

FIRST EVENT: CHARLES I'S CORONATION.
Today but in 1520, Charles was crowned as Emperor in Germany (by the Pope Clement VII). Three years ago, in 1517 he started to be(en) King of the Hispanic Monarchy, but in 1519 he left the Iberian Peninsula to be elected emperor, and because of that the Revolt of the Comuneros started.

                         

                               Source: http://gallery.enciclonet.com/gallery/docs/comun/per/ptitia54.jpg

But Charles I actually was named the heir of Emperor Maximilian when he was 6, when his father Philip the Handsome died. His grandfather died in January 1519 and Charles was elected Emperor by the German electors in July 1519. In Germany there was a tradition: when a new Emperor was elected, they had to celebrate three ceremonies. The first was in the Palatine Chapel of Aachen second one was a coronation to name Charles "The king of Burgundies" and the third one was in Rome. this one didn’t take place until the 23rd February 1530, when Charles V was crowned Emperor by the Pope Clement VII.

Here you have a documentary of his entire life, if you want you can watch it (it's long, and in Spanish).

     
                    Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AWhoBtXpA0

This is the link to Charles V's video in English: 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRYzW3BSj0I 

SECOND EVENT: THE END OF THE REVOLT OF THE COMUNEROS WITH THE SURRENDER OF THE LAST CITY, TOLEDO. (1521)
Joanna the Mad, Isabella's daughter, inherited the throne with her Burgundian husband King Philip I. However, Philip died two years after the beginning of their reign, and their son Charles was only six years old. Due to his youth and Joanna's mental instability, Castile was ruled by the nobles and her father, King Ferdinand II of Aragon, as a regency. After Ferdinand's death in 1516, the sixteen-year-old Charles was proclaimed king of both Castile and Aragon. In 1519, Charles was elected HolyRoman Emperor. He departed to Germany in 1520, leaving the Dutch cardinal Adrian of Utrecht to rule Castile in his absence. Soon, a series of anti-government riots broke out in the cities.

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Comuneros.jpg#/media/File:Comuneros.jpg

  On 23rd of October 2015, we celebrate when the towns of northern Castile soon succumbed to the king's troops, with all its cities returning their allegiance. Today also Toledo, the last city where the revolt continued, declared surrender.                                     

"BatallaDeVillalar" by The artist is Manuel Picolo López, born in 1851 and died in 1913 (source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BatallaDeVillalar.jpg#/media/File:BatallaDeVillalar.jpg)