Tuesday, May 10, 2016

May, 10th 2016.


Hi, It's Maria, and today is my turn to do the journal, so let's start.

At the beginning of the class, some of us aked Paqui questions about the exam of The Age of Empires and the WW1, don't forget to study!!

Then, We started the new unit, "The Russian Revolutions". We started with Russia under de tsars, the main features were: The inmense empire, autocracy, the prohibition of political parties, the population as peasants and industries and workers in some cities. 
For that Paqui have explained us the legend of Anastasia Nicolayevna.  The story of Anastasia Romanov is one of the most heart-wrenching stories ever told; it is about the horrific fate that she and her family suffered during the Bolshevik Revolution. To this day, the tragedy still resurrects doubt as to what exactly happened to the young Grand Duchess of Russia. Anastasia was the daughter of the last Russian tsar, Nicholas II. After she and her family were executed, rumors claimed that she might have survived.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jYZRrbnzAck/UGXCLzWm4jI/AAAAAAAACj4/8U5TJUV7ZBA/s1600/anastasia_romanov000.jpg

Also Disney and more companies created films about this history.
(IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE ABOUT THE MISTERY OF ANASTASIA, HERE YOU HAVE THE LINK OF A PAGE WITH THE THEORY AND WITH A SHORT AND INTERESTING VIDEO.)
http://www.biography.com/people/anastasia-9184008

Then Paqui showed us the political parties that were forbbiden:

After that we learned about the Russian revolution and the USSR, and we started with the Russian Revolution of 1905.
 Russian Revolution of 1905uprising that was instrumental in convincing Tsar Nicholar II to attempt the transformation of the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy. For several years before 1905 and especially after the humiliating Russo-Japanese war (1904–05), diverse social groups demonstrated their discontent with the Russian social and political system. Their protests ranged from liberal rhetoric to strikes and included student riots and terrorist assassinations. These efforts, coordinated by the Union of Liberation, culminated in the massacre of peaceful demonstrators in the square before the Winter Palace, St. Petersburg, on Bloody Sunday.


https://robertgraham.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/1905-russian-revolution.jpg


In general this was all the theory of today. For homework Paqui told us to do a scheme about the revolutions, so DO IT!
Today was a interesting day, I loved the history of Anastasia, and you?
Byes classmates :)

New Vocabularay
The straw that breaks the camel's back: La gota que colma el vaso.
Healer: curandero.
Tsar: zar.
Tsarist: zarista.
Backwards: atrasado.
Autocracy: autocracia.

Monday, May 9, 2016

Monday, 9th of May

Hello classmates!

Today in Social Sciences it has been my turn to write the journal about today's class. As in the last lesson we studied The Conference of Paris, Treaty of Versailles, etc.. Today we've studied the end of the unit, the final consequences of the WW1.

In general, we could differentiate different consequences, in five different groups:

-Demographic losses: more than 16.5 million dead and 21 million wounded. Around 40% of the casualties were civilians. 20 million more died due to the Spanish flu.


DEMOGRAPICH LOSSES
(people)
Deceased
9.272.000
Disabled
6.5000.000
Widow
4.250.000
Orphaned
8.000.000 


Thousands of children were raised without parents.


Economic consequences: the productive system of the belligerent countries was completely destroyed. All the countries had got into debts to pay for the war. Many of them owed money to the USA.

-Political consequences: Europe lost its position as the center of the world and was replaced by extra-european powers (USA and Japan)


-Territorial consequences: disappearance of the big Empires of the 19th century, changes of borders, new countries appeared

- Moral and psychological consequences: war horrors provoked social trauma, disillusionment, cynicism, distrust in the politicians. There were two opposite reactions: one bet for internationalism and search for peace and another one focused on militarism and violence as a way of solving problems. Crippled soldiers Total casualties and economic destruction in the Western Front.

And these consequences carried out some others, for example, the one that British economist John Maynard Keynes warned about: humiliating Germany and not helping them recover would create problems in the future and a will for revenge.

Here you have a cartoon that means that, wich is from the presentation we've seen today:

With this, we have ended with the unit, that we have to study for the next exam, on Thursday.

Then, we have started with the index of the new unit,the interwar period, before the WW2 and there seems to be very interesting but now it's time to study for the exam until tomorrow!

Well and that's all we've studied today in class, I'm leaving the translations of some words below and... see you soon! Bye :DD

TRANSLATIONS
Deceased: difunto
Disabled: discapacitado
Widow: viuda
Orphaned: huérfano
Wounded: herido/a
Spanish flu: gripe española
Belligerent: belligerante ( in this context)
Border: frontera
Bet: apuesta

Thursday, May 5, 2016

Thursday, 5th of May

Hi classmates!


Today it's my turn to do the journal, so let's go. At the begining of the lesson class, Paqui has explained us about the disasters of war. She has posted some information of the blog about a painter called Otto Dix. Paqui has said, that he knew what Goya did, and he decided to paint hisown disasters of war. He was also a soldier whoi lived the war in first person. Some of his paintings were destroyed by the Nazis. She has also explained about a book written by a German anarchist pacifist. You can read this information on the blog, too.


Source: https://www.google.es/search?q=disaster+of+war&espv=2&biw=1280&bih=699&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwig1ru5jsPMAhWKnBoKHV8dBoQQ_AUIBigB#imgrc=qk0IjO6mwaOMxM%3A

After this, today we have learnt about the Conference of Paris. 32 states met in Paris to decide how the world would be after the war, but the defeated powers were not allowed to attend the conference. Woodrow Wilson, the president of the USA presented a Fourteen- Point Plan for fair peace, without revenge against the defeated. He also defended the right to self- determination for the peoples. But this document wasn't taken into account because, after the war, they weren't objectives and the winners (France and Great Britain) took revenge on the defeated. The right to self- determination wasn't taken into account in several cases either. The decisions made in this conference would be one of the causes of World War II.
Separate peace treaties were signed with every of the defeated (Austria- Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and Turkey). The Treaty of Versailles, signed with Germany, was the most important peace treaty. Germany was considered to be the main responsible for war and hard sanctions were imposed to this country:

- They had to pay huge reparations for the destructions caused in France and Belgium (20,000 million dollars) Their last instalmentwas paid in 2010, by Angela Merkel.

- They lost 1/8 of their territory in Europe: they had to give Alsace and Lorraine back to France, Schleswig to Denmark and they had to give the Danzig corridor to Poland. Eastern Prussia was separated from the rest of Germany.
- They had to reduce their army: their navy and air force were disbanded.
- Demilitarization of the West bank of River Rhine.
- The German colonies were given to France and the UK. 

   

Source: Google images


These are comic scenes about the conference of Paris and the punishment of Germany. The first represented the president of France, Georges Clemenceau inviting the German delegates to sit down in chairs with spikes. That means that the German delegates had to do what the winners of the war wanted. The second image/ cartoon represented the German politicians betraying the Germans. In my opinion this was a stupid punishment because all the countries were responsible for blame the war. And because, as Paqui said, the only thing you get punishing them, is a new enemy because they impoverished the population who were not guilty.

As for the other losers, the Austro- Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire disintegrated:

- The disintegraton of the Austro- Hungarian Empire gave birth to two new States, Austria and Hungary, Czechoslovakia became independent and the slaves of the South (Bosnians, Croats and Serbians) formed Yugoslavia. Romania was enlarged and Italy got Trent.
- Turkey became a Republic and the Arab territories of the Near East were given to France and Great Britain as " mandates". Palestine (Israel and Palestine) and Transjordan (Jordan, Iraq and Kuwait) were administered by Great Britain and Syria and Lebanon were controlled by France. However, Armenians and Kurds didn't become independent because Europeans thought that theycouldn’t make decisions by themselves, they thought that they were "inferior" and needed the help of "superior" people. 
- In order to avoid the extension of the Russian Revolution, the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk (signed by Germany and Russia) was respected: Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania preserved their independence.


Source: from the blog


 Source: https://www.google.es/search?q=conference+of+Paris&espv=2&biw=1280&bih=699&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb4eDek8PMAhVIfhoKHSOFDugQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=desintegration+of+the+ottoman+empire&imgrc=LJRTvrBgGG3WJM%3A

 
Source: https://www.google.es/search?q=conference+of+Paris&espv=2&biw=1280&bih=699&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb4eDek8PMAhVIfhoKHSOFDugQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=europe+after+ww1&imgrc=p0q_wxFYuW2xvM%3A

Another result of the Conference of Paris was the constitution of the League of Nations, an international organization to solve conflicts peacefully. But the League was weak since its founding, because the USA didn't join it and so happened with other countries, agreements had to be unanimous and this made decisions or sanctions very difficult and the League didn't have an army to enforce its decisions.



source:https://www.google.es/search?q=conference+of+Paris&espv=2&biw=1280&bih=699&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb4eDek8PMAhVIfhoKHSOFDugQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=league+of+nation&imgrc=o7yP6wszBaAjxM%3A

For homework Paqui has given us a scheme about the conference of Paris and has said that we have to do the scheme about the consequences of the war.

That's all! See you in class! :)

Tuesday, May 3, 2016

Otto Dix and World War 1

Otto Dix was a German painter who fought in World War 1. He went to fight full of enthusiasm, but what he experienced in the battlefields strongly traumatized him. After the war he had recurring nightmares with the scenes he had seen during the war and he painted several paintings and made a series of etchings that reminds of Goya's War Disasters about the Peninsular War. Here you have some of his works and a short video about his art:


SERIES OF ETCHINGS  DER KRIEG (WAR)


Der Krieg no.12 Stormtroops advancing under a gas attack  (Sturmtruppe geht unter Gas vor) The scene is other-worldly as gas clouds the atmosphere. Their features are obscured by masks and their fingers are curled like claws. These are men who will kill by any means. But are they men?

Stormtroops advancing under a gas attack

Otto DIX, Verwundeter (Herbst 1916, Bapaume)  [Wounded soldier - Autumn 1916, Bapaume], plate 6 from Der Krieg

Wounded soldier

Otto Dix, Der Krieg. Der Krieg no.5 Corpse of a horse  (Pferdekadaver) Men were not the only victims of their savagery. The war indiscriminately destroyed anything in its path.

Corpse of a horse


Otto Dix, Der Krieg. Der Krieg no.4 Crater field near Dontrien lit up by flares  (Trichterfeld bei Dontrien, von Leuchtkugeln erhellt) Already by plate number four we begin to understand this is no ordinary series of etchings. Throughout the series, Dix demonstrates a commanding use of print techniques with etching, dry point and aquatint. Here a night time flare illuminates a lunar landscape.

Crater field near Dontrien lit up by flares

Der Krieg no.9 Collapsed trenches  (Zerfallender Kampfgraben) For all its discomfort, the trench was home. Here the enemy managed to destroy a section of home and the scene is depicted almost as Armageddon. Two pieces of tattered cloth hover above the soldier. One resembles the Reaper, the other a vulture. Each awaits the soldier's fate which is most certainly death.

Collapsed trenches

Der Krieg no.18 Dead sentry in the trenches  (Toter Sappenposten) Throughout this series, Dix presents a wide array of ways in which a  soldier can meet his death. We've seen men ripped by bullets as they  were tangled in barbed wire or buried alive as a trench collapsed. In this plate, a soldier remains posed in the exact position he held at the moment the sniper's bullet found its target.
Dead sentry in the trenches


Der Krieg no.3 Gas victims - Templeux-la-Fosse, August 1916  (Gastote - Templeux-la-Fosse, August 1916) By 1924, people were aware of the horrors of gas but censored wartime reporting spared many from its ghastly details. Here the results are depicted with raw clarity of someone who was there. Indeed, much of Der Krieg was based on Dix's wartime diary drawings. Many were probably struck by the appearance of the victims, darkened for lack of oxygen and the nonchalance of the medical staff who had seen it many times before.
Gas victims

Otto Dix, Der Krieg. Der Krieg no.47 Transporting the Wounded in Houthulst Forest  (Verwundetentransport im Houthulster Wald) In the First World War, the automobile was put to work as an ambulance. Trains and steam ships carried wounded to home-front hospitals.  Despite such advances, a wounded man often relied on comrades to  get him off the field.

Transporting the Wounded in Houthulst Forest

Der Krieg no.31 Skull (Schädel) For all its waste, the war provided a windfall for scavengers. The First World War produced generations of happy worms and maggots. Trench rats roamed as big as beavers. Gas was sometimes a welcome respite as it decimated these pests.
Skull

Der Krieg no.23 Dead man in the mud  (Toter im Schlamm) Mud defined a soldier's experience on the Western Front. He marched in it, slept in it, fought in it and often died in it. For the artist it offered rich textures which Dix captured nicely with aquatint.

Dead man in the mud


PAINTINGS 

The War Cripples (1920)




The Trench (1923)


This painting was destroyed during the Nazi era


War Triptych (1929-1932)



Flanders (1934)



Sources: 



On this link you can download a presentation with the complete series of Etchings: 


And this is a video that summarizes Otto Dix career and his participation in WW1: 

War Against War!



This is the title of a photobook published by German anarchist pacifist Ernst Friedrich in 1924. During WW1 he was a teenager and joined a group of young anti-militaristic workers and was sentenced to prison after an act of sabotage in a military industry in 1917. When the war ended, he was released and continued to fight for peace and against militarism. In 1924 he had the idea of publishing a photobook  to show the atrocities and horrors of World War 1. The book includes a lot of pictures of  the consequences of the brutality and dehumanization caused by modern war. The short texts he wrote focused on explaining the lies and hypocrisy of the political and economic interests that promoted the war. His book, called in German Krieg dem Kriege! (War Against War!) was the first to include a big collection of pictures about the war and his intention was that the people discovered the real face of modern war and could have a more informed opinion about violence and militarism as "solutions" to problems between different territories. 










Here you have some of the texts he wrote on the book: 


And as we all, all human beings, equally feel joy and pain, let us fight unitedly against the common monstrous enemy, War. 

We shall unite in protesting against, in weeping over the accursed mass murders for which we all bear equal guilt. But let us also raise our eyes cheerfully to the red dawn of freedom and peace. 

This book is dedicated to all war profiteers and parasites, to all war provokers, and is consecrated also to the “kings”, generals, presidents and ministers of all lands. To the priests, however, who blessed the weapons in the name of God, this book is dedicated as a War bible! 

Show these pictures to all men who still can think!
He who then still believes in this mass butchery, let him be locked up in a madhouse, let us avoid him as we do the plague!

They lack the courage, these war-thinkers and war leaders, to go themselves into the battle, and themselves to die a sweet “heroic death”.

That is why they invented such beautiful phrases as “Fatherland” and “Field of Honour” and spoke of “defence” and uttered other lies.

The war against war signifies:
The war of the victimised against the profiteers!
The war of the deceived against the deceivers!
The war of the oppressed against the oppressors!
The war of the tortured against the torturers!
The war of the hungry against the well fed!


THE PREVENTION OF WAR


It is true that capital is the cause of every war.
But the guilt of war rests on our shoulders.
It is we proletarians that make the conduct of war possible; it is for us likewise to prevent wars!
Refuse to serve!
Bring up your children so that they may later refuse to render military and war service!
How very many lightly overlook the fact that in one’s own home in the family, war is being spontaneously prepared!
And here lies the beginning of all evils, here lies the beginning also of war!

The mother that sings soldier’s songs to the baby on her lap, prepares for war, yes, she prepares for war!
The father that makes gifts of toy soldiers to his child mobilises the child for the war idea!
The toy soldier is the Judas that you yourself bring into the home, is the betrayal of human life! Remember always this one thing: -
Ye parents that do not wish  that your sons should murder the dear sons of other parents, you should remember that the child whom you present with a helmet and sabre and gun, plays his tender soul to death out of his young body.
Those children, however, who are educated in love and solidarity, and are brought up to respect unconditionally the inviolable sanctity of human life, these children will most certainly be unfit for arms and war-service.


We, opponents of military service must finally destroy the halo and the humbug, and tear down the gaudy tinsel of the soldiery, and we must speak out what then still remains to be said:
a professional murderer paid by the state, who is trained in murder schools (called barracks) privileged by the state, in the carrying out of the most gruesome of crimes, the murder of human beings! That is what the children should be told!

I WILL NOT!
Stronger than all violence, than the sabre and the rifle, is our spirit, is our will!
Repeat these three words: “I will not!”
Give content to these words and all wars in future will be impossible.


War Against War! became a very famous book and Friedrich received a donation, which he used to buy an old building and create an Anti-War Museum in Berlin. The museum opened in 1926. 






In 1930 Friedrich was sent to jail again due to his propaganda campaigns against militarism. When he was released the folowing year, he managed to bring his archive abroad. In 1933, when the Nazis reached power in Germany, their SA troops destroyed the Anti-War Museum and he was sent to jail again.  The museum was transformed into a Nazi meeting place and later it became a torture chamber.  


At the end of 1933 he left Germany and migrated to Belgium, where he re-opened the 2nd Anti-War Museum. 

During World War 2 Friedrich joined the French Resistance against the Nazis. When the war ended, he used the compensation received from the German government to buy a piece of land in Paris, where he created the Île de la Paix, an international center to promote peace and understanding, with the objective of hosting groups of French and German students. After Friedrich's death this center was sold and destroyed. 

In 1982 a new Anti-War Museum was opened in Berlin to remember Friedrich's work. 



Here you have some more links, if you want to learn more about Ernst Friedrich and his work for peace: 




In Flanders Fields

Here you have this poem written by Canadian poet John McCrae. As Canada was a colony of the United Kingdom, when World War 1 started, McCrae was destined to Europe as  a doctor. He was in charge of a campaign hospital in the Western front. In 1915 one of McCrae closest friends died during the Second Battle of Ypres, The day after his friend's funeral, McCrae wrote the poem that remembers those who fell in the battlefield and won't continue to live. In 2006 Canadian composer Anthony Hutchcroft wrote the music for the song of this poem.



Tuesday, 3rd May 2016

Hi there !! Today, I have to do the journal. Well, I had to do it yesterday, but I couldn't, so I changed it with Sara. Thanks !!

Well, today it has been a... "special" class. Paqui has brought some letters about people who were living in the trenches every day due to the war.  The letters were really shocking. Here you have some of the letters we have read (in Spanish)

CARTA DE UN SOLDADO BRITÁNICO
2 mayo 1918
Cariño mío
Ahora, si no hay problemas, vas a saber todo sobre lo que pasa aquí. Sé que te llevarás una gran sorpresa cuando te llegue esta carta (espero que te llegue sin contratiempos). ¡Si alguna autoridad la ve...! Claro, tú has supuesto bien dónde tendría mi primera experiencia en la línea. Sí, fue en el saliente de Yprès... Oh!, el de aquella noche fue un encantador "bautizo de fuego". Teníamos que excavar y temprano en la mañana comenzó el ametrallamiento. Oh Señor, si alguna vez alguien tuvo miedo, absolutamente aterrorizado, a la muerte, ese alguien era el muchacho que yo soy. Uno de mi sección se asustó al ver una granada caer a dos metros de nuestra trinchera justo cuando alguien con instinto de líder iba hacia una cima; yo, sin embargo, me quedé quieto como una roca: éramos doce hombres cuando entramos en combate; salí con tres... Oh! Eso fue horrible.
Supongo que te gustará saber cómo está aquí el ánimo de los hombres. Bien, la verdad es que (y como te dije antes, me fusilarán si alguien de importancia coge esta misiva) todo el mundo está totalmente harto y a nadie le queda ya nada de lo que se conoce como patriotismo. A nadie le importa un rábano si Alemania tendrá Alsacia, o si la tendrá Bélgica o Francia. Lo único que cada uno quiere es acabar con esto e irse a casa. Ésta es honestamente la verdad, y cualquiera que haya estado aquí en los últimos meses te dirá lo mismo. De hecho, y esto no es una exageración, la mayor esperanza de la gran mayoría de los hombres es que los disturbios y las protestas en casa obliguen al gobierno a acabar con esto como sea. Ahora ya sabes el real estado de la situación.
Yo también puedo añadir que he perdido prácticamente todo el patriotismo que me quedaba, sólo me queda pensar en los que estáis allí, en todos a los que amo y que confiáis en mí para que haga el esfuerzo que sea necesario para vuestra seguridad y vuestra libertad. Esto es lo único que me mantiene y me da fuerzas para soportarlo todo. En cuanto a la religión, que Dios me perdone, no ocupa ni uno entre un millón de todos los pensamientos que cada hora inundan la mente de los hombres. 
Dios te bendiga, cariño, y a todos los que amo y me aman, porque sin su amor y confianza, desfallecería y fracasaría. Pero no te preocupes, corazón mío porque seguiré hasta el final, así éste sea amargo o dulce, con el amor siempre como mi primer pensamiento y cuidado, mi guía inspiradora y mi aliciente.
Au revoir mi amor, y que Dios te mantenga segura hasta que amaine la tormenta, con el amor más profundo de todo mi corazón. Tu amor,
Laurie
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CARTAS DE SOLDADOS FRANCESES
Fuera, con los pies inmediatamente enterrados, sacudo trozos de barro glacial que me pesan en las manos... Retomo mi marcha, las piernas abiertas, atravesando la tierra blanda de los desprendimientos, sondeando prudentemente el fango que tapa los hoyos. Y pese a todo, a veces, el sitio hacia el que lanzado mi impulso se hunde, el barro aspira mi pierna, la agarra, la paraliza; debo hacer un gran esfuerzo para liberarla. Del fondo del agujero que se ha llenado en seguida de agua, mi pie saca un lío de cables en el que reconozco la línea telefónica. Justamente ahí aparece el telefonista encargado de reparar las líneas, trae la cara contraída por las agujas heladas de la lluvia: "¡Vaya desbarajuste! ¡No se ha conservado nada ahí dentro! ¡Sólo hay barro y cadáveres!". Sí, cadáveres. Los muertos en los combates de otoño, que habían sido enterrados someramente en el parapeto, aparecen a trozos en los desprendimientos de tierra" 
Paul Tuffrau
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Carta de un soldado francés. Verdún, marzo 1916
Esos tres días pasados encogidos en la tierra, sin beber ni comer: los quejidos de los heridos, luego el ataque entre los boches (alemanes) y nosotros. Después, al fin, paran las quejas; y los obuses, que nos destrozan los nervios y nos apestan, no nos dan tregua alguna, y las terribles horas que se pasan con la máscara y las gafas en el rostro. ¡Los ojos lloran y se escupe sangre! Después los oficiales que se van para siempre; noticias fúnebres que se transmiten de boca en boca en el agujero; y las órdenes dadas en voz alta a 50 metros de nosotros; todos de pie; luego el trabajo con el pico bajo las terribles balas y el horrible ta-ta-ta de las ametralladoras."
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Marne, 8/9/1914
Mi pequeñina, 
Marie, naciste ayer, todavía no te he visto y sin embargo, ya te conozco. Esto no debería existir, un padre que no haya visto aún a su hija. 
La guerra no es como las historias que le contaba a tu hermano. Por otra parte, ya no quiero contar más ese tipo de historias.
Tu tío está conmigo. No le gusta escribir, pero le gustaría poder hablarte.
Estamos bien y no estamos heridos. Desde hace dos días, los hombres caen uno tras otro en el barro y ni siquiera tienen derecho a tener una sepultura digna. Nuestro día a día está lleno de sangre y tierra. Somos muertos vivientes, sepultados vivos bajo la tierra. La tierra nos cubre por completo, está omnipresente, en nuestras ropas, en nuestros jergones, incluso en nuestra comida.
La guerra es una pesadilla infinita.  
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Artois, 2/4/1915
En las trincheras, vivimos entre el barro. Hay tierra por todas partes, en nuestros pañuelos, en nuestros bolsillos, en nuestras ropas e incluso en lo que comemos. Además, hace mucho frío y hay mucha humedad.
Aquí las ratas son especialmente repugnantes, por lo gordas que son. 
A pesar de todo, atacamos bastante a menudo las trincheras enemigas, pero esto produce muchos muertos en nuestro regimiento, por los obuses, las granadas, los lanzallamas,..
Cada tarde tenemos que ir a buscar a los muertos y los heridos a ese infierno llamado « tierra de nadie ».
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Douaumont 26/27 !916
Querida mía
Aprovecho estos dos días de descanso para escribirte. Esto no  es agradable: es un infierno, especialmente sin ti.
Ayer participé en una gran ofensiva. Tuvimos  que trepar, arrastrarnos, correr, saltar y he sobrevivido. La mitad de mi regimiento ha muerto y de los que sobrevivieron, al menos la mitad están heridos.
Llueve mucho, por lo que  estamos tan sucios como tú nunca me permitirías ir. Mis cabellos están llenos de piojos y no nos afeitamos. Me he enterado de que nos llaman los « peludos ».
Las balas silban tan rápido como las vidas se apagan
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CARTA DE UN ESTUDIANTE ALEMÁN DESDE EL FRENTE
Una y otra vez quiero deciros algo: vosotros, que permanecéis en la patria, no olvidéis cuán horrible es la guerra. No dejéis de rezar. Actuad con seriedad. Abandonad toda superficialidad. Arrojad de teatros y conciertos a los que ríen y bromean mientras sus defensores sufren y se desangran y mueren. De nuevo he vivido durante tres días (del 1 al 4 de enero) la más sangrienta y horrible batalla de la historia, a doscientos metros del enemigo, en una trinchera provisional excavada a toda pria. Durante tres días y tres noches han caído granadas y más granadas: estallidos, silbidos, sonidos guturales, gritos y gemidos ¡Malditos aquellos que nos condujeron a esta guerra!
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Verdún, 18 de marzo de 1916
Querida mía, 
Te escribo para decirte que no creo que vuelva de la guerra. Por favor, no llores, sé fuerte. En el último ataque perdí mi pie izquierdo y la herida se ha infectado. Los médicos dicen que sólo me quedan unos días de vida. Cuando te llegue esta carta, puede que ya haya muerto. Te voy a contar cómo fui herido: hace tres días nuestros generales nos ordenaron atacaR. Fue una carnicería absolutamente inútil. Al comienzo del ataque éramos 20.000. Después de cruzar las alambradas, ya sólo quedábamos 15.000. En ese momento me hirieron. Unobús cayó cerca de mí y un trozo de metralla me arrancó el pie izquierdo. Perdí el conocimiento y no me desperté hasta un día más tarde, en la enfermería. Más tarde supe que de los 20.000 soldados que empezaron el ataque, sólo 5.000 sobrevivieron, gracias al repliegue ordenado por Pétain. 
En tu última carta me dijiste que habías quedado embarazada tras mi permiso de hace dos meses. Cuando nazca nuestro hijo, dile que su padre murió como un héroe luchando por Francia. Y sobre todo, asegúrate de que nunca entre en el ejército, para que no muera de una forma tan estúpida como la mía. 
Te quiero. Espero que podamos vernos en la otra vida, te doy las gracias por todos los maravllosos momentos que me has hecho pasar, te querré siempre. 
Adiós,
Soldado Charles Guinant
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Le Chemin des Dames 26/4/1917
Mentiría si no confesase que un gran número de nuestros compañeros se han hecho barrer como un montón de polvo después de un bombardeo durante la pasada noche. Es un milagro que todavía esté vivo para escribiros. 
!Pero al menos como un héroe, como dirían nuestros queridos dirigentes ! !Probablemente sea sólo un campesino, pero no soy idiota ! !Como podrás comprobar, estoy  indignado ! !Las órdenes son cada vez más ridículas ! ¿Cómo esperan que lancemos otra ofensiva cuando nos estamos muriendo de enfermedades, de cansancio o simplemente estamos muertos? !Es vergonzoso que se nos sacrifique de esa manera !
El gobierno nos ha mentido en todos los sentidos. Según ellos, íbamos a ganar rápidamente y ya somos millones de muertos y heridos. 
Esta guerra sólo se sustenta sobre  mentiras y traiciones. Ojalá se termine pronto.
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Mi querida Lucie, 
Cuando te llegue esta carta, ya me habrán fusilado. Ésta es la razón: el 27 de noviembre, hacia las 5 de la tarde, tras un violento bombardeo de dos horas, en una trinchera en primera línea de frente, cuando nos estábamos acabando la sopa, unos alemanes llegaron a la trinchera y nos hicieron prisioneros a mí y a otros dos compañeros. Aproveché un momento de confusión para escaparme. Seguí a mis compañeros, pero después fui acusado de abandonar mi puesto  en el frente. 
Ayer juzgaron a 24 de nosotros en un consejo de guerra. Seis de nosotros, incluyéndome a mí, fueron condenados a muerte. No soy más culpable que los otros, pero necesitan dar ejemplo a los demás.  El ejército te enviará mis efectos personales. 
Me despido de ti por última vez con prisa, con lágrimas en los ojos y el alma en pena. Te pido perdón por todo el dolor que voy a causarte y el aprieto en que voy a meterte. 
Mi pequeña Lucie, una vez más, perdón. 
Voy a confesarme y espero verte en un lugar mejor. Muero inocente del delito de abandono de puesto del que se me acusa. Si en lugar de escapar de los alemanes me hubiera quedado como su prisionero, habría salvado la vida. Es una fatalidad
Mi último pensamiento es para ti, hasta el final. 
Henri Floch
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Habiendo acabado con la Guerra, hago esta declaración como un acto de desafío a la autoridad militar, porque creo que la guerra está siendo deliberadamente prolongada por los que tienen el poder de terminarla. Soy un soldado, convencido de actuar de parte de los  soldados. Creo que esta guerra, en la cual entré creyendo que era una guerra de defensa y liberación, se ha convertido en una guerra de agresión y conquista. Creo que los objetivos por los cuales yo y mis camaradas habíamos entrado en esta guerra deberían haber sido tan claramente declarados que hubiera hecho imposible  cambiarlos, y que, como esto ha ocurrido, los objetivos que nos obligaron a actuar ahora deberían ser alcanzados por la negociación.
He visto y he aguantado el sufrimiento de las tropas, y no puedo por más tiempo ser partidario de prolongar estos sufrimientos para unos fines que creo son malos e injustos. No protesto contra la dirección de la guerra, pero sí contra los errores políticos y la falta de sinceridad con los combatientes que están siendo sacrificados. De parte de los que sufren hago esta protesta contra el engaño de que están siendo víctimas; también creo que puedo ayudar a destruir la complacencia insensible con la cual la mayoría de aquellos que en casa apoyan la continuación de las agonías que no conocen, y que ellos no tienen la imaginación suficiente de advertir.”
Siegfried Sassoon, 15 de junio 1917, leída en la Cámara de los Comunes en Londres el 30 de julio.
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Querida Léonie 
He confiado esta última carta a manos amigas y espero que te llegue algún día para que puedas saber la verdad y porque quiero dar testimonio del horror de esta guerra. 
Cuando llegamos aquí, la llanura era magnífica. Hoy, las orillas del Aisne parecen el país de la muerte. La tierra  está toda revuelta, quemada. El paisaje no es más que un campo de ruinas. Nosotros estamos en las trincheras de primera línea. Además de las balas, las bombas y las alambradas, están las minas y la perspectiva de saltar por los aires en cualquier momento. Nuestros uniformes se caen a pedazos. Chapoteamos en el barro, un barro arcilloso, espeso, pegajoso, del que es imposible desembarazarse. Las trincheras se derrumban con los obuses y sacan a la luz esqueletos y cráneos. El olor es apestoso.
Echamos de menos todo: el agua, las letrinas, la sopa… Estamos mal avituallados, nuestros platos están vacíos. Sólo tomamos una comida por la noche, que llega fría por la distancia que separa las cocinas de los túneles. Ni siquiera nos queda tabaco o un poco de caldo o un trago de aguardiente para calentarnos. 
Salimos a combatir con la bayoneta en el fusil. Es muy difícil moverse, con cascos de chapa de acero pesado e incómodo, pero que nos protege de las piedras que rebotan, y cargados con todos los bártulos contra los gases tóxicos. Hemos participado en ofensivas a ultranza que han acabado fracasando en montañas de cadáveres. Estos incesantes combates nos han dejado exhaustos y desesperados. Los desgraciados lisiados que el mundo mirará con un aire desdeñoso a su vuelta ¿sólo tendrán derecho a una pequeña condecoración para recompensarles por la pérdida de un brazo o de una pierna? Esta guerra nos parece a todos una infame e inútil carnicería. 
El 16 de abril el general Nivelle lanzó un nuevo ataque en Chemin des Dames. Fue un fracaso, un desastre. ¡Había muertos por todas partes! Conforme yo iba avanzando, no existían sentimientos: el miedo, el amor, no tenían ningún sentido. Sólo importaba seguir adelante, correr, disparar y por todas partes los soldados caían gritando de dolor. Las pendientes de acceso llenas de árboles eran ásperas. Perdido en la niebla, vagué con el fusil en la espalda, con el sudor chorreándome por la espalda. El campo de batalla me daba náuseas. Un verdadero osario se extendía a mis pies. Bajé la colina pasando por encima de cuerpos descoyuntados, con un odio terrible apoderándose de mí
Ese ataque sembró la confusión en todos los “peludos” y reforzó nuestra desilusión. Desde entonces, ya no soportamos los sacrificios inútiles, las mentiras del Estado Mayor. Todos los combatientes están desesperados, muchos han desertado y nadie quiere continuar. Circulan octavillas para incitarnos a dejar las armas. La semana pasada el regimiento entero se negó a salir otra vez de la trinchera. Nos hemos negado a continuar atacando, pero no a defendernos. 
Entonces, encargaron a nuestros oficiales que nos juzgasen. Me han sometido a un consejo de guerra excepcional, sin posibilidad de recurso. La sentencia me ha caído como una losa: mañana seré fusilado para dar ejemplo, con seis de mis camaradas, por negarme a obedecer. Ejecutándonos, nuestros superiores tienen como objetivo ayudar a los combatientes a reencontrar el gusto por la obediencia. No creo que lo consigan. 
¿Comprendes, Léonie querida,  que no soy culpable, sino una víctima de la justicia expeditiva? Voy a acabar en la fosa común de los muertos vergonzosos, los olvidados de la historia. No moriré en el frente, sino con los ojos vendados, al alba, arrodillado ante el pelotón de ejecución. Siento mucho el dolor y la vergüenza que mi triste fin te causará. 
Es tan difícil saber que no te volveré a ver nunca y que mi hija crecerá sin mí… Concebir a esta niña antes de mi partida al combate fue una locura  dulce y bonita, pero hoy, dejaros solas a las dos me parte el corazón. Os pido perdón por abandonaros. 
Prométeme, amor mío, que no contarás a la pequeña Jeanne las circunstancias exactas de mi muerte. Dile que su padre cayó como un héroe en el campo de batalla, háblale de la bravura y la valentía de los soldados y si un día la memoria de los “peludos” fusilados para dar ejemplo es rehabilitada, lo que no creo, entonces, si lo consideras necesario, enséñale esta carta.
No dudéis nunca de mi honor y mi valor, porque Francia nos ha traicionado y Francia nos va a sacrificar. 
Prométeme también, mi dulce Léonie, que cuando el tiempo haya aliviado tu dolor, no renunciarás a ser feliz, a sonreír a la vida. Mi muerte será así menos cruel. Os deseo a las dos, mis mujercitas, toda la felicidad que merecéis y que no podré daros. Os envío un beso, con el corazón al borde de las lágrimas. Vuestros maravillosos rostros, grabados en mi memoria, serán mi último consuelo antes del fin
Eugène, tu marido que te quiere tanto.


All this letters were censored, so they didn't arrive to their destination. They all talk about what war is and how they felt there, because those who were at the back and those who were at rearguard would revolt and wouldn't support the war. My letter talked about two French men who lived there, in the war and about a man who wrote to his wife because his daughter was born and he was fighting there. Some people cried while we were reading the letters.Even Paqui has cried a bit. But this is very very normal. This is what a war is about: Suffering, fear and dead. Lots of dead. For us only a number, but we can't imagine the amount of people who died in the war. And this is the truth about the war: suffering and fear, not what we study at high school.

Then, we have listened to a song that was forbidden at that time. It was called: " La chanson de la Craonne"
http://www.regaindelecture.com/pub/Couv-Craonne-01-1.jpg

Here you have a video with the song:



And finally, Paqui has read some quotes of a book she was brought. It is called "Fear", by Gabriel Chevalier
http://estaticos02.elmundo.es/elmundo/imagenes/2009/04/12/1239542424_extras_ladillos_1_0.jpg

http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02046/fear-cover_2046102f.jpg

And that's all for today. BYE !!!

NEW VOCABULARY
Howitzer shell: Obús
Shrapnel: Metralla
Censored: Censurado

Helping disfigured soldiers

As many soldiers were disfigured during WW1, there was a series of artists who thought tthat they could help them using their art to design masks that could cover their wounded faces.

Ladd's papers include these photos of a World War I veteran with and without his mask, circa 1920.


The first initiative appeared in the United Kingdom in 1916. Sculptor Francis Derwent Wood created a team of sculptors in the 3rd London General Hospital, where they designed metallic masks for the traumatized soldiers who had lost part of their faces. The soldiers called this department the "Tin Noses Shop"



American sculptor Anna Coleman Ladd read an article about the "Tin Noses Shop" and decided to move to Paris, settle down there and open the Studio for Portrait Masks,  administered by the Red Cross. There, she statrted working. Every mask took a month to be finished. Thewy were many by copper and later painted manually. The patient had to wear the mask while Anna painted it, so that the colours used were as closely as possible to their real colour.



There were around 20,000 soldiers with facial wounds. Not all could receive a mask and many of them had to live with their wounds in residences or isolated villages, so that their faces didn't disturb the "normal" people.

Here you have some links if you want to learn more about this topic:

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/faces-of-war-145799854/?no-ist

http://www.npr.org/2014/09/25/351441401/one-sculptors-answer-to-wwi-wounds-plaster-copper-and-paint

http://www.theguardian.com/world/postcolonial/2014/may/26/broken-gargoyles-the-disfigured-soldiers-of-the-first-world-war

http://shm.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/02/27/shm.hkq095.full#xref-fn-31-1